Tropical coral reefs, covering less than 1% of the ocean floor, are vital, supporting 25% of marine species. However, 30-50% have been lost in recent decades, with alarming projections leading to 2026, which may mark a tipping point for warm-water corals. Following a record marine heatwave between 2023 and 2024 that caused coral bleaching in 83 countries, scientists fear that many reefs may not recover before the next anticipated El Niño event in 2026.
A specific concern is that all coral ecosystems might reach a tipping point simultaneously, drastically altering these environments. While some reefs have shown resilience, others may be beyond recovery, especially if extreme heatwaves occur again soon. Coral bleaching results from high temperatures causing corals to expel algae that provide color and essential nutrients. Once this relationship deteriorates, the likelihood of permanent coral loss increases, making way for algae dominance.
Despite these threats, certain coral communities have demonstrated an ability to withstand extreme temperatures, and deep, offshore reefs may serve as refuges. Increased risks from pollution, overfishing, and coastal development compound the challenges corals face. However, measures such as reducing carbon emissions, improving local environmental conditions, and selectively breeding heat-tolerant corals could bolster reef resilience.
For coral ecosystems to survive into the future, concerted conservation efforts are essential.
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